T.O. LEE COLUMNS in International Trading Technique

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Articles represent the opinions of the author, T.O. Lee, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the media in which the articles are published. No legal imputation should be attached to any of the articles in this home page and no legal responsibility and liability are accepted for any errors, omissions or misleading statements caused by negligence or otherwise.

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CDCS (Certified Documentary Credit Specialist) Exam Exercises

Forthcoming Workshops  

Canada

Middle East

Malaysia

Singapore

Hong Kong

Macau

Taiwan

China

Bangladesh

Tailor Made Workshops

Lloyd's of London Press

Lloyd's "Freight Transport Buyer Asia" Magazine

Lloyd's "Maritime Asia / Intermodal Asia" Magazine

International Chamber of Commerce, France

Comments as a Member of UCP 500 Revision Consulting Group

"Documentary Credits Insight" Magazine

Our Opinions in ICC DC-Pro Discussion Forum

      UCP 500

      e-UCP

      ISP 98

      General Discussion

      ICC Opinions

      ICC Position Papers

      DC Insight

      Test/Practice Area

Comments to ICC

New ICC Rules

Forfaiting

"Documentary Credit World" Magazine

"LC VIEWS" e-Magazine

"L/C Update" Magazine

"L/C Monitor" Magazine

Trade & Forfaiting Review

Trade Finance Association of Bankeres

Premier Legal - "Law Support" e-Newsletter

Gulf LOG

Training World

United Nations IMMTA Bulletin, Geneva

COMPASS magazine of Hong Kong Export Credit Insurance Corporation

"Hong Kong Economic Journal" Newspaper
     香港信報財經新聞
    "T.O.商貿談" 每週五專欄

信用證的法律性質

UCP 500修例

「馬士基海陸」提單《承運條款》

電子信用證

其他

Articles in Other Media

Speeches

Responses to Enquirers' Queries

Subscriber's Opinions

Dispute Cases Resolved

List of Dispute Cases Resolved

Our Expert Services

Letters of Credit

Bills of Lading

Documentary Collections

Trade Frauds

Company Doctor

Advertisements Published

IIBLP Annual Survey of Letter of Credit Law and Practice

      Version 1

      Version 2

      Version 3

L/C Monitor

      Version 1

      Version 2

Feedbacks from Clients and Subscribers

Previous Workshops

International Standard Banking Practice (ISBP 681 / 645)

UCP 600

UCP 500

e-UCP

ISP98

URC 522

URR 525

Incoterms 2000

Bills of Lading

Cargo Claims

Trade Finance Risk Management

Trade Frauds

Typical Examples of Current Trade Frauds

Money Transfer

      Due to the Deceased

      To Achieve Specific Goals

      To Earn Quick Income

      From Lottery

Scams

      Bank and Credit Card

      Telephone and Internet

Fraudulent Business or Credit Enhancement Opportunities

Illegal Secrets

Quick (but Fake) University Degree

Samples of Our Training Materials in "T.O. International Trade Seminars"

Handouts for Sales

Related Links

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CDCS (Certified Documentary Credit Specialist) Exam Exercises

• CDCS UCP 600 Practice Exercises 32008/03/25
• CDCS UCP 600 Practice Exercises 2
• CDCS UCP 600 Practice Exercises 1

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Forthcoming Workshops  

• Canada

• Middle East

• Malaysia

• Singapore

• Hong Kong
  • ISP98 - Its Effective Application in Standby Letters of Credit
    備用信用證應選用 ISP98 最為有效2008/03/16
  • Disputes and Grey Areas Amongst the UCP 600 Articles
    留意 UCP 600 的灰色地帶可引來爭議2008/03/16

• Macau
  • 備用信用證應選用 ISP98 最為有效
    Effective Application of ISP98 in Standby Letters of Credit2008/03/22
  • 留意 UCP 600 的灰色地帶可引來爭議
    Disputes and Grey Areas amongst the UCP 600 Articles2008/03/22

• Taiwan
  • UCP 600 與 ISP98 精修系列課程
    Workshop Series on UCP 600 and ISP982008/03/22

• China

• Bangladesh

• Tailor Made Workshops
  • T.O. International Trade Seminars Catalogue

  

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Lloyd's of London Press

• Lloyd's "Freight Transport Buyer Asia" Magazine
  • Substantiating the Status of the Freight Forwarder

• Lloyd's "Maritime Asia / Intermodal Asia" Magazine
  • Guanxi and Karaoke
  • Redesigning the Bill of Lading
  • Combined Transport Documentation
  • Incorrect Box Filling in the Draft
  • Practice Makes Imperfect
  • Identification of Carriers in Bill of Lading
  • The Forwarder as A Double Agent
  • What "To Order" and "Blank Endorsed" Actually Means
  • The Trust Receipt

  

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International Chamber of Commerce, France

• Comments as a Member of UCP 500 Revision Consulting Group
  • 5 Concerns about UCP 600
  • Is It a Confirming or a Nominated Bank?
  • Comments on ICC Document 470/TA.617
  • ISBP 681 Typos?
  • Draft 3 and Heinz's Concern
  • A Range of Ports of Loading in CPBL
  • Commonsense Approach to Bill's UCP 600 Problems
  • Comments to First Draft of ISBP Revision to Match UCP 600 (ISBP 601)
  • Pragmatic Solution to Bill's Problem
  • Sub-Articles 12 (b) & 6 (b) Read Together
  • What Would Be the Case with an Open Negotiation Credit?
  • Other Alternatives to Avoid Interpretation in Isolation
  • Interpretation in Isolation
  • UCP 600 Is for Whom? The Experts or the Traders?
  • UCP Revision Last Draft
  • Further Comments to UCP Revision - June 2006 Draft
  • Comments to UCP Revision - June 2006 Draft
  • Responsibility Shifting on Negotiation of DPC
  • Comments on Transport and Insurance Articles of UCP 600
  • The Problems with the Current Definition of A Bank in UCP 600
  • A Letter on Latest Draft of the UCP 600
  • Comments to UCP Revision - Complete Draft March 2006
  • The ICC Statement on Original Documents
  • Comments to FIATA on UCP 600 Complete Draft November 2005 (2nd episode)
  • Supporting Suggestions from Hong Kong Shipowners
  • Response to CWP's comments to previous draft of Article 9 - Amendments
  • Exchange of Different Views on UCP 600
  • Principle v. Agent
  • What if the Nominated Bank is a Confirming Bank?
  • No Injunction for Innocent Discounting Bank in Deferred Payment Credit
  • Applying Problem Solving Techniques to Resolve Discount of Deferred Payment Undertaking
  • Comments to FIATA on UCP 600 Complete Draft November 2005
  • Comments to UCP Revision - Complete Draft November 2005
  • Responses to Mr. Cameron's Proposals
  • Comments on Confirming Bank's Right to Claim Reimbursement from Applicant
  • Confusions Caused by Deletion of the Freight Forwarder’s Transport Documents under UCP 500 Article 30
  • Comments on UCP Revision Draft 3
  • Comments on Drafting Group Document Ref Articles 23 to 30 from T.O. Lee dated 8 April 2004
  • Comments on Drafting Group Document Ref Articles 23 to 30 from T.O. Lee dated 7 April 2004
  • Suggestions for 24 Oct 2005 Consulting Group Meeting
  • Further Comments on Article 6 (b) by ICC Hong Kong by KT Fung
  • Responses to Line 31 of Article 20
  • T.O.'s Comments on Canadian National Committee's Response to Key Issues of UCP Revisions
  • Comments on Key Issues in UCP for National Committees to Decide
  • Comments on UCP Revision Draft 2 - Articles 39-46
  • Comments on UCP Revision Draft 4 - Articles 1-19
  • Comments on UCP Revision Draft 2 - Article 30
  • Comments to ICC Hong Kong, China Official Comments on New UCP Articles
  • Comments on UCP Revision Draft 2 - Articles 20-29
  • Further Comments on UCP Revision Draft 2 Article 21
  • Comments on UCP Revision - Transferable Credits (v1.0) Article XX
  • T.O.Lee Responds to Reinhard Langerich's Comments on Old Articles 34-36 & 39-49
  • Need for a Separate Article for Non-Negotiable Sea Waybill
  • T.O. Lee Supports Heinz Hertl's Comments
  • Comments on Professor Charles Debattista's Draft of Articles 30 - 36
  • T.O. Lee's Responses to Heinz Hertl's Opinions on UCP 600 Article 30
  • Silent Confirmation
  • Reasons for Proposing the "Part Shipment" Concept in UCP 600
  • Proposed Treatment of Part, Partial & Instalment Shipments in UCP 600
  • Comments on UCP Revision Articles 39-47
  • Comments on UCP Revision: Insurance Articles 34-36
  • Supporting FIATA Views
  • Comments on UCP Revision Articles 30-36
  • T.O.Lee Responds to Comments by Professor Charles Debattista on UCP 600 Draft Articles 1-29
  • Comments on UCP Revision Draft 1 - Articles 20-29
  • Comments on UCP Revision Draft 3 - Articles 1-19
  • What Not Specified in UCP 500 is Definitely Not A Discrepancy? Think Twice
  • Intent Behind a Bill of Lading
  • Signature Box of the BL
  • UCP 500 Revision (Draft #2) - Comments on Proposed Comments from Canadian Working Party
  • Comments on Draft 2 in UCP 500 Revision for National Committee Comment
  • Comments on UCP Draft #1 (4 Nov 2003)
  • UCP 500 Article 23 - Comment No. 10
  • UCP 500 - Comment No. 9
  • UCP 500 Articles 13 to 49 - Comment No. 8
  • UCP 500 Articles 1 to 12 - Comment No. 7
  • UCP 500 Articles 4 and 5 - Comment No. 6
  • UCP 500 Articles 25 & 37 - Comment No. 5
  • UCP 500 Articles 2, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 & 14 - Comment No. 4
  • On Board Notation Referring to A Feeder Vessel (UCP 500 Article 23 - Comment No. 3)
  • Identification of Carrier (UCP 500 Article 23 - Comment No. 2)
  • When an agent signs on behalf of the master (UCP 500 Article 23 - Comment No. 1)
  • To Expand Consulting Group Members
  • Uniformity & Consistency in UCP X00 Articles
  • Comments on ICC Document 470/1003 Revision of UCP 500

  

• "Documentary Credits Insight" Magazine
  • Master air waybill vs. house air waybill
  • A Call for Consistency with Transport Conventions
  • T.O.’s Responses to “The Unwarranted Comeback of the FIATA Bill of Lading” by Boris Kozolchyk
  • Negotiation of a Deferred Payment Credit
  • Letter to the editor (Importance of Negotiation to Middle East and Asia)
  • The UCP 500 Transport Articles need to be revised
  • T. O. Lee's Response to Martin Shaw on Right of Issuing Bank to Release Documents after Refusal Notice
  • T. O. Lee's Response to the Cyprus "Said To Contain" Bill of Lading Case
  • Inconsistencies Among Terms Used in ICC Rules
  • Comments on ICC Document 470/908
  • Should the Applicant Check Documents on Behalf of the Issuing Bank?
  • T. O. Lee's Response on "intended vessel" and "similar qualification"
    in UCP 500 Article 23
  • T. O. Lee on Problems of the Marine/Ocean Bill of Lading in China Trade
  • Confusion over Identification of Carrier and Demise Clause
  • Problems on Percentage of Insured Amount
  • Multimodal Transport
  • Clearing Grey Areas in Hong Kong's Banking Practice

  These articles are reprinted with the permission of Documentary Credits Insight, a quarterly publication on letters of credit published by the International Chamber of Commerce. For information on how to subscribe, see the ICC website, www.iccwbo.org or fax the ICC at
  +33 1 49 53 29 02.

  

• Our Opinions in ICC DC-Pro Discussion Forum

  • UCP 500
    • Does the insurance need to identify the countersigning party, and does the insurance document need to identify the number of originals?
    • Invoice Showing a Discount is Acceptable or Not?
    • Purposes of assignment of proceeds under Article 49 of UCP 500
    • What Documents/Instruments are Necessary for Assignment of Proceeds?
    • Loading Port
    • Straight Bill of Lading
    • Port of Loading v Port of Transhipment
    • Article 27 a ii - Air Transport Document
    • Beneficiary Certificate
    • Goods are unloaded from a carrying vessel and later re-loaded on board the same carrying vessel to continue/complete the same contemplated voyage to the same destination/port of discharge. Would this be considered as a transhipment under UCP 500?
    • Goods are Discharged and Later Re-loaded on Board the Same Carrying Vessel to Complete the Same Voyage. Is this Transhipment?
    • Transferable LC
    • L/C Containing Special Payment Terms
    • Should a Document Examiner Speculate the Intentions of the Applicant in his Special Instructions in the DC?
    • Frauds Experience Sharing Similar to Ssangyong Corp Frauds Reported Today
    • What is the Reasonable Length of a SWIFT MT700 DC Covering a Simple Trade?
    • Two Confirmations under the Same DC
    • New Mandatory IMO ISM Code to Warrant Successful Cargo Insurance Claims
    • Date on Non-Negotiable Copy of B/L
    • Exclusion Clause on Charter Party B/L
    • From your own Experience, are ALL Negotiating Banks Negotiate "In Good Faith"?
    • Is a Transferring Bank Required to Examine the Documents?
    • To What Extent an Advising Bank has to Check for the Data Content of a DC When it Chooses to Advise it?
    • Expiry Versus Presentation Period
    • Courier Receipt
    • Which Article of UCP 500 is to be Used for Shipment by Airship?
    • Air Charter Party
    • Should a Progressive Banker Acquire Non-Banking Knowledge to Serve his or her Customers Better?
    • What's the Connection?
    • One Shipment and Two Insurance Certificates
    • Isn't the truck consignment note a transport document?
    • Certificate of Origin
    • The so-called "Conditional L/C's"
    • Missing amendment
    • "Unless otherwise stipulated" B/L
    • Expired Letter of Credit
    • Deferred payment upon reimbursement from issuing bank
    • Force Majeure under UCP 500 vs. ISP 98 in relation to the Sept. 11th events
    • Remark on B/L
    • Exclusions of certain risks to Institute Cargo Clause (A)
    • Agent's Commission
    • Substitution of a Discrepant Doc. After Presentation
    • Negotiable Documents/Number Issued
    • Substitution of Documents by First Beneficiary
    • The next revision of UCP
    • Tenor of Draft
    • DC Reference No/s
    • Presentation of Docs
    • What is an "Undertaking"
    • Article 27 - Date of Shipment
    • IS THE CREDIT A 'CONTRACT'?
    • Interesting or rather absurd LC terms and conditions
    • B/L DATE; ARTICLE 23(B)(II)
    • Can a Bank Refuse to Receive Documents?
    • UNDATED CERTIFICATE - INVALID DISCREPANCY
    • Wrongly Made Out B/L
    • Charges Deducted by Issuing Bank on Payment of L/C
    • Query Received Related to Insurance Policy and Transport Doc.
    • Failure to Provide Specimen
    • Tips on Using Discussion Forum
    • Refusal Notice
    • A Test for You
    • Is Applicant's Waiver Binding
    • Partial Acceptance of Amendments vs. Original LC Terms
    • Disclaimer on the Standing of Parties
    • Documents Presented do NOT Refer to DC or Shipment
    • Non-documentary Conditions
    • Additional Fees on Transport Document
    • Export Certificate/Licence - Are they one and the same
    • Amendment - Confirming Bank's Obligation to the Beneficiary
    • Approval Basis or Collection Basis
    • Goods Free of Charge - Discrepancy or Not
    • Third Party Transport Document
    • Article 36 UCP 500
    • Fraudulent Documents
    • Shall we meet and chat in Frankfurt?
    • Two Queries on the B/L
    • Whether Terms and Condition can be Changed from the Original Transferable LC
    • Transshipment under Charter Party
    • Can documents be presented direct to Opening Bank?
    • Insurance Policy / No. of Originals
    • Signature of Shipper on AWB
    • Payment Terms in LC's
    • Release of Discrepant Documents
    • Advising Bank's additional requirements
    • Beneficiary's Name
    • Mr. Dan Taylor Is Safe In Florida
    • Multimodal Transport Bill of Lading
    • Amendment of Reasonable Time
    • Inspection Cert.
    • Article 39 of UCP 500
    • Through Bill of Lading
    • Article 39(c) - Underdrawn LC
    • Goods Description
    • Issuing Bank Requests the Advising Bank to Transmit
    • Double Exposure - Transferable DC
    • Local Chamber of Commerce
    • Local Branches
    • Local practice/usage
    • Shipment date not stipulated
    • Shipment by instalment
    • Oral rejection of documents
    • Issuer of Documents
    • Ocean vs. Charter Party B/L
    • Straight DC
    • Negotiable Insurance
    • Data Content
    • Shipments by Instalments
    • Excessive Details
    • Unclear Issuers
    • Transferable LC
    • Sub-article 34-f-ii
    • Transferable Credit
    • Copy Transport Document
    • Consignee in FCR
    • Difference between ISSUEd and SIGNed
    • Original B/L
    • Revocable credit
    • Article 13 - Examination of documents by bank
    • Original document
    • Is the freight forwarder considered the first carrier?
    • FIATA Multimodal Transport Bill of Lading
    • Art 37
    • Airwaybill - original for the consignor
    • Negotiation - Liability of Banks not giving value
    • Non-performance of an unconditional L/C
    • Deferred Payment LC
    • Partial shipment and place for presentation of documents for payment
    • Sub-Article 43a
    • Incoterms and Multimodal Documents
    • Discrepancy Notification Article 14 d ii
    • When shipment is affected by multimodal Trsptn
    • Discrepancy Charges
    • Post Dated Documents Presented Under L/C
    • Invoice
    • Bank as an "Applicant"
    • Transfer of L/C
    • Consignee on AWB
    • However named
    • B/L showing three ports of discharge
    • Name of Pre-carriage instead of Ocean vessel (mother vessel) on Marine/Ocean B/Lading.
    • Consignee different in B/L and Invoice
    • Advise Through Bank

     

  • e-UCP
    • When all Required Documents in an eUCP DC are Presented at One Time in Paper Format, which is Allowed, is NOC still Necessary?
    • May an Electronic Record Required in an eUCP DC be Presented in Paper Format?
    • When Examination Starts in an eUCP DC?
    • How long for paper-based trade documents?
    • e-UCP Article 3
    • Discussions on e-UCP

  • ISP 98
    • How Should We Present ISP 98?
    • Law applicable under ISP 98
    • Direct Pay Standby
    • Hypothecation of SBLC
    • Obligations of Branch Operations
    • Endorsement by banks on the B/L
    • SLC type 3034
    • Applicant as a party

     

  • General Discussion
    • Should DOCDEX include ISP98 and eUCP?
    • ICC DOCDEX Experts are not allowed to expose their identity in public. Is this reasonable?
    • Clean B/L?
    • Must a B/L Show Voyage Number?
    • Indication of Payment or Not on B/L
    • International Standard Banking Practice
    • Shipping Schedule under a Transferable LC
    • Documentary Schedule Presented with Incorrect Currency Claim
    • Transferable Credits
    • ISBP Document 470/951 rev3
    • Freight Prepaid vs Freight Payable at Destination
    • Consistency between Documents
    • Mate's Receipt
    • Received for Shipment B/L with On Board Notation Dated Prior to B/L Date
    • Counter-Guaranteeing & Guarantor Banks Not Performing their Duties
    • How to detect fraudulent documents in DC presentations?
    • In what way Incoterms 2000 are applied in World Cup 2002 games?
    • Units
    • Charter Party BLs
    • Handling Inward Guarantees
    • Discounting Payments under Direct Payment Guarantees
    • Unreasonable Issuing Bank
    • URC - Storage and Insurance
    • E-Bill of Lading
    • Charter Party Bill of Lading
    • LC's from Country C
    • Logs Shipment 2
    • Language of Documents
    • Log Shipment
    • Liner Terms
    • LC subject to DOCDEX
    • Master Kitty
    • Obligation to disclose discrepancies despite applicant's acceptance
    • Company as Master
    • Drafts a must for negotiation credits?
    • Amendment to Bill of Lading
    • Blank Endorsement
    • Restrictive B/L
    • Reasonable Time?
    • Transshipment Details
    • Query under URC 522
    • Charter Party Bs/L - How to avoid commercial disputes?
    • Insurance cover increase
    • Negligence on Part of Transferring Bank
    • Third Party Documents
    • MTD & Partial Shipment
    • Description of Goods in Commercial Invoice
    • Discrepancy about Seals on B/L and Veterinary Cert
    • Deed of Title Transport Documents
    • Drawee given as BIC
    • Contrary to the Provisions of UCP 500 Article 2?
    • Meaning of Stale Documents
    • How should we address to Mr. Discrepancy?
    • Transferable LC
    • Postal Receipt or Courier Receipt
    • Lost documents
    • Amendments
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Are drafts part of the documents?
    • Liability of LC applicant bank asking for re-issuance of LC
    • On Board
    • Overnight courier
    • Undated Certificate and Sanitary Certificate
    • Incoterms
    • Packing lists combined with weight lists
    • PL shows beneficiary as buyer
    • Possible discrepancies?
    • ICCA
    • Drawee Field
    • Documents are lost in transit
    • Art 23 & 26
    • Third Party Documents
    • All discrepancies acceptable
    • Presigned docs
    • Reimbursement
    • Partial omission of credit number
    • Computation of available credit balance
    • Blank endorsed
    • Discrepancy between invoice and certificate of origin
    • Latest shipment date is earlier than issuance date of LC
    • Need for bene's cert to be dated?
    • Charter Party vs. Ocean Bill of Lading
    • Hong Kong (SAR) vs. China
    • Insured Amount
    • Changes by Fax
    • Non-documentary Condition?
    • Full Name versus Initials
    • ISP & DOCDEX
    • Bank Charge Reasonable?
    • Recovery of Payment through Bank under URC 522
    • The Term Negotiation
    • CDCS
    • Amendment of a Confirming Bank due to Prolongation of the Validity of the LC
    • Documents Received from Presenting Bank Subject to URC 522
    • Beneficiary's Certificate vs Beneficiary's Declaration
    • Dates of BL
    • Issuance Date vs Effective Date of Insurance Coverage
    • Description in Credit versus that in BL
    • Combined invoices & packing lists presented
    • Explanation
    • Payment of Charges under LC
    • Multi Bills of Lading
    • Alleged discrepancy of short shipment by presenting bank
    • Beneficiary's address omitting country
    • Incoterm C&F
    • Through BL
    • Sea Waybill
    • Certified copy of fax
    • Issuance date of advice to applicant's insurer
    • Bank/Shipping company/Drawees collude. Is this fraud?
    • Wrongful Delivery of documents by Bank
    • Credit involving Malaysian sawn timber
    • Malaysian sawn timber
    • Need to check conversion of volume of goods?
    • Date of Phytosanitary Certificate
    • Notify Party in BL
    • House Bill of Lading
    • Credit requires BL to be made out to the order of the issuing bank, A.
    • Acceptance of a Draft
    • CDCS Certification on April 12, 2001
    • Transferred LC with Description of Goods as "General Merchandise"
    • Discrepancy Notification Article 14 d ii
    • Certification of Documents
    • Physical Acceptance of Bills of Exchange
    • Non-performance of an unconditional L/C
    • Transfer
    • LC Form
    • Unreasonable Advising Charges
    • Red-Clause LC Claim
    • Revocable Standby & Revocable Transferable LC's
    • Hypothecation of a SBLC under ISP 98
    • ICC-decision doc 470/822 regarding impact of the EURO
    • Whose endorsement is acceptable?
    • Interest Amount added in Invoice
    • Applicant Control
    • Documentary Credits
    • Express Bills of Lading
    • Charter Party & Transhipment
    • Article 33.d
    • Acceptance of a Draft
    • Seven Working Days
    • 3rd Original
    • Three queries about bills of lading
    • 1/3 Original BL sent to applicant thru issuing bank
    • Daegu vs Busan
    • Typo Error/Omission
    • Discouraged Clauses in B-B LC
    • Switching of BL in B-B LC
    • Partial Shipments?
    • Goods Delivered without Consignee's Endorsement on B/L
    • Multiple Beneficiaries
    • Sales invoice vs Commercial invoice
    • Certificate of Origin

     

  • ICC Opinions
    • What kind of BL should be presented if the DC asks specifically for a "cleanED" BL?
    • Clean on Board B/L
    • Confirmation of D/C
    • As Regards L/C Confirmation and Reimbursement Undertaking
    • Should Bankers Neglect the Inconsistency due to Application of Incoterms 2000 in Examination of Documents?
    • Does an Original Document Need to Bear a Mark "Original"?
    • Authorisation to Negotiate v. Reimbursement Right
    • As regards the terms and conditions for opening Letter of Credit
    • Bill of Lading
    • Certificate of Origin
    • As Regards Methods of Collecting Commissions for Opening Letters of Credit
    • Shipping Agent's Certificate
    • LC charges
    • Insurance Policy's Issuer
    • Promissory Note or Letter
    • Insurance Document

  • ICC Position Papers
    • Original Documents

  • DC Insight
    • Contrasting UK and US views of the controversial Banco Santander case
    • Bank guarantees

  • Test/Practice Area
    • Master's receipt
    • Transferable LC
    • Free of Payment Goods in Invoice Not Stipulated in L/C, Is it a Discrepancy?
    • Amendment of a Confirming Bank due to Prolongation of the Expiry Date of LC
    • Once Again
    • Time for Refusing Discrepancy
    • Discrepant Documents Presented under Transferable LC
    • Documents On Line
    • Multimodal transport B/L
    • Discrepancy between Invoice and Certificate of Origin
    • Certificate Certified by the Finance Director

     

• Comments to ICC
  • Comments on ICC Document 470/11032008/04/05
  • Comments to URDG Revision Draft 12008/04/05
  • Suggestions on Incoterms 2000 Revision
  • Comments to ICC Document 470/TA.625
  • Response to the On Board Notation (OBN) Issue
  • Comments on ICC Document 470/TA.621
  • Incoterms 2000 Evaluation
  • Comments on ICC Document 470/1072 of 16 March 2006
  • Responses to Frank Reynolds in "A trader's wish list for UCP 600"
  • Response to Roger Graham's "A call for clearer drafting in the next UCP"
  • Comments on ICC Document 470/1045
  • Comments on ICC Document 470/1034
  • Queries on Mahonia v Chase Case
  • Response to ICC Document 470/834
    "Original" Documents under UCP sub Article 20 (b)
    dated 15 Jan 1999
  • Comments on ICC Document 470/TA.504 & TA.508
  • How To Resovle Clause 1 in Maersk BL
  • Comments on 470/967 New DOCDEX Rules
  • Comments on ICC Document 470/1019
  • Comments on ICC Document 470/1011
  • Further Typographic Errors Found in ISBP 645 and ISBP-Corrigenda.p65
  • Payment Obligation of Confirming Bank for Documents Sent to Issuing Bank "On Approval" Basis
  • My Comments on ISBP Now Hold
  • Maturity Date of Drafts
  • Comments on ICC Document 470/TA.541
  • Second Reply to "Other ICC Publications Being Ignored"
  • Comments on ICC Document 470/TA540
  • Other ICC Publications Being Ignored
  • Comments on ICC Document 470/990
  • Comments on ICC Document 470/989
  • Further Comments on ICC Document 470/972
  • International Standard Banking Malpractice
  • Additional Comments on ISBP ICC Document 470/951 rev3
  • Incoterms Disregarded by Bankers
  • Comments on "Transferable Credits and the UCP 500", ICC Document 470/977rev
  • Comments on ISBP ICC Document 470/951rev3
  • UCP 500 Revision Thoughts
  • Further Comment on 470/951 rev2 ISBP
  • Comments on UCP 500 Sub Article 20(b) on Original Documents dated 18 Jan 1999
  • Documents Produced by "Aligned Export Documents System" Are Originals
  • Comments on ICC Document 470/972
  • Comments on eUCP Draft Version 0.8
  • Comments on eUCP per ICC Document 470/941 Rev.
  • Comments on Official Opinions of the ICC Banking Commission Document 470/953
  • Comments on ICC Document 470/952 - Obligation of an issuing bank in the examination of documents, seeking a waiver of discrepancy(ies) and providing a notice of refusal under UCP 500
  • Comments on ICC Document 470/951 International Standard Banking Practice
  • Comments on Second Draft of eUCP
  • Further Recommended Changes in "The Complete Guide to Documentary Credits" Published by CIB, UK.
  • Second Comments on eUCP
  • Recommended Changes on CDCS Bible (The Complete Guide to Documentary Credits)
  • Further Comments on eUCP
  • Comments on eUCP 470/TA.941
  • Comments on ICC Docu 470/934
  • Queries on Proposed ICC Voting Procedures
  • Comments from T.O. on some ICC Educational Queries
  • Comments to "ICC Guide to Collection Operations for the ICC Uniform Rules for Collections (URC 522), ICC Publication No. 561"
  • Incoterms 2000 - Comments on ICC Document 462/64 of 20 May 1999.
  • Response to ICC Documents 470/847 and 470/857
  • Multimodal Transport - ICC Document 470/TA89 rev.
  • Comments to ICC ISP 98 Working Party on International Standby Practices ISP 98
  • Comments to ICC ISP 98 Working Party on
    International Standby Practices 1998 on March 23, 1998
  • Further Comments to ICC ISP 98 Working Party on Fall 1997 Draft
    of International Standby Practices ISP 98
  • Typographical Errors in ICC Publcation No. 565
  • Response to ICC Document No. 470-42/INT.29
    (Comments of Mr. Ole Malmqvist of Den Danske Bank, Copenhagen)
  • Comments on ICC DOCDEX (Documentary Credit Dispute Expertise Rules) (07.05.1996)
  • Comments on ICC DOCDEX Rules Based on Draft of 18 March 1996.
  • Comments on ICC DOCDEX Rules Based on Draft of 1 Feb 1996.
  • Comments on Uniform Rules for Bank-to-Bank Reimbursements under Documentary Credits, ICC Publication No. 525, URR 525, Based on Draft before 4 August 1994
  • Comments on ICC Uniform Rules for Collections URC 522 Draft No. 2
  • Comments and Suggestions on ICC "Documentary Credits Insight" Vol 1 No. 1 As A Member of Its Editorial Board
  • Comments on ICC Uniform Rules for Collections URC 522 Draft No. 3

  

• New ICC Rules
  • URGETS Rules for B2B Transactions
  • ICC GUIDEC Rules for Electronic Signature

• Forfaiting
  • Forfaiting v. Forfeiting2008/05/11

---

"Documentary Credit World" Magazine

• Tribute to Bernard S. Wheble, the Father of Letter of Credit

---

"LC VIEWS" e-Magazine

• Insurance Effective Date2008/05/11
• Status of Opened but Unadvised LC until Recalled by the Applicant2008/05/11
• Nominated Banks Obligation to Refuse2008/05/11
• On Board Notations2008/04/05
• Collection: Endorsement by the Bank2008/04/05
• Another Party Named Therein2008/04/05
• Endorsement on Drafts2008/04/05
• Shipment in Three Equal Lots
• Signarure on an Insurance Certificate
• Freight Forwarders Bill of Lading
• Transferable LC - Substituted Invoice Discrepant
• Port of Discharge Versus Place of Delivery
• Trade Terms, Delivery, Beach of Contract, Damaged Goods
• On Nominated Banks Position in case of Fraud
• Combined Transport Document / Pre-carriage
• Injunction
• In trust, on approval basis, collection
• Transferring, Nominated and Confirming Bank
• AWB to order / to the Issuing Bank
• UCP 600 sub-article 14(h) - How to Determine Function of a Document Precisely?
• Reimbursement Undertaking
• Cover Notes Issued by Brokers
• Master Air Waybill
• Is "Accurately" Accurate?
• New UCP on Lost Documents - UCP Provision on Lost Documents a Welcome Solution
• Africa's Silk Road Opens New Trade Finance Opportunities in Asia and Africa - The History and Mission of old Silk Trade
• UCP Knowledge Management for Business Development
• Rethinking UCP Making
• Reader Reaction to Sour-Grapes Theory of UCP
• Sour-Grapes Theory of UCP
• ICC's Art of Making UCP vs. International Art of Making International Rules - Expert Commentary
• Structured Trade Finance
• Is UCP Culprit or Scapegoat? - Controversies and Disputes in LC World
• Does Tender of Documents Before an Amendment Make the Amendment Effective?
• Mecca of LC World: Banking Commission Meeting - The Best Learning Alternative
• UCP - Will It Ever be Perfect?
• Feedback to "Comments on March 2006 Draft of the UCP 600" - Need to Refine What They Define
• Training and Development Methodology - Trainer NOT Entertainer
• "The Starsin" Validates T. O. Lee's Forecasts
• Dial T. O. Lee for Expertly Views (One-Stop, Non-Stop Interview with T. O. Lee)
• LC Training a la T. O. Lee - Systematic, NOT Ad Hoc
• Fast LC
• "Chinatown" Page
• Canada's Know-All LC Expert - World's Best One-Stop Solution
• Insurance Document
• Is LC World Dominated by Male LC Specialists?
• Local LC Hero
• Is Single-Window LC Banking Possible and Desirable?
• Should Issuing Bankers Stop Stipulating Bill of Exchange (BOE) Requirement?
• Toward Documents Reduction for Discrepancy Risk Reduction
• Will Mechanical LC Specialist Substitute Human LC Specialist?
• Assignment of Position of "Technical Adviser to ICC Banking Commission"
• IS NON-CDCS LC MAN (no gender bias intended) LC SPECIALIST?
• T.O. Lee's Tips for Payment Dispute (Prevention) Management in LC Management
• How T.O. Lee Generates Interest in the Classroom for Learning LC Knowledge Management
• Should There be a National Law for LC?
• How Good LC Specialists Update their LC Knowledge to Remain Good LC Specialist

---

"L/C Update" Magazine

• The Latent Risks of Cargo Receipts in Letters of Credit
• How to Determine the Effective Date in an Insurance Document?

---

"L/C Monitor" Magazine

• How to Resolve the Delivery Clause Problem in a Bill of Lading2008/05/11
• Terms like 'Negotiation', 'Purchase', 'Advancing Funds', 'Agreeing to Advance Funds', and 'Prepay' are Used in UCP 600 articles. What do they really Mean?
• Confusions Surrounding Sub-Article 30 (c) of UCP 600
• The Effective Date of a Cargo Insurance Policy
• Confusions Caused by Deletion of the Freight Forwarder’s Transport Documents under UCP 500 Article 30
• Right for Claiming Reimbursement for the Beneficiary
• Creative Application of Negotiation
• Further Thoughts on the Mahonia -v- JP Morgan Chase Case
• Strange Customer Behaviour While Engaged in L/C Litigation
• Different Address of the Beneficiary in a Commercial Invoice
• Should a Straight Bill of Lading Work like a Sea Waybill?
• Who is the Real Owner of this Cargo?
• Further Typographic Errors Found in ISBP 645 and ISBP Corrigenda
• A New Rule Creates a New Dispute - Further Thoughts about ISBP ICC Publication No. 645
• How would Bankers Handle New Responsibilities Imposed by ISBP?
• Asian Letters of Credit
• T.O. Lee's Response to: Straight Bill of Lading
• T.O. Lee's Response to: Franchise/Excess Clause in Letters of Credit
• The ICC Query System Tested
• Traps of Soft Clauses in Letters of Credit
• T.O.'s Comments on "Ambiguous and Plausible Wordings in a Notice of Refusal Sent by the L/C Issuing Banks
  - UCP 500 Article 14" by Alan C.Y. Liu
• Ten Guiding Principles of the Incoterms 2000
• 'Hong Kong Clause': The Far East Perspective
• T.O.'s Response to "Avalization in Addition to Acceptance" by Alan C.Y. Liu
• Chinese Salted Fish Doctrine
• Troubles Over the Date of A Bill of Lading

---

Trade & Forfaiting Review

• Interview on Incoterms in Banking Practice

---

Trade Finance Association of Bankeres

• A Glimpse into Future International Trade2008/04/05

---

Premier Legal - "Law Support" e-Newsletter

• Complicated Rules, Conventions and ICC Official Opinions on International Trade Finance

---

Gulf LOG

• The Problematic Price Fluctuation Clause in Oil Letter of Credit

---

Training World

• UCP 600 - The New Rules for International Trade - Pressing Training Need for UCP 600
• HR Professionals Need to Know the Training Needs of Their Internal Customers

---

United Nations IMMTA Bulletin, Geneva

• Harmonisation of Electronic Maritime Transport Documents with UCP 500 (Web Page Format)
• Harmonisation of Electronic Maritime Transport Documents with UCP 500 (MS PowerPoint Slide Format)
• Legal Issues: Substitution Clause in the Bill of Lading - Carriers Beware!

---

COMPASS magazine of Hong Kong Export Credit Insurance Corporation

• How to Avoid International Letter of Credit Frauds?

---

"Hong Kong Economic Journal" Newspaper      香港信報財經新聞     "T.O.商貿談" 每週五專欄

• 信用證的法律性質
  • 三十八：消除誤導受益人的潛在風險 （二零零五年八月二十六日 星期五）
  • 三十七：「兩個當事人信用證」潛在風險 （二零零五年八月十九日 星期五）
  • 三十六：非銀行作為開證人有潛在風險 （二零零五年八月十二日 星期五）
  • 三十五：不同開證人亦須按同一套原則處理 （二零零五年八月五日 星期五）
  • 三十四：開證人角度看銀行與企業分別 （二零零五年七月二十九日 星期五）
  • 三十三：小心非由銀行發出信用證 （二零零五年七月二十二日 星期五）
  • 三十二：由歐羅引起國際貿易支付風波 （二零零五年七月十五日 星期五）
  • 三十一：正本單據所引起的一場風波 （二零零五年七月八日 星期五）
  • 三十：了解轉讓信用證的玄機 （二零零五年七月一日 星期五）
  • 二十九：UCP 500 的可轉讓信用證 （二零零五年六月二十四日 星期五）
  • 二十八：審單、不符點棄權書及拒付通知書 （二零零五年六月十七日 星期五）
  • 二十七：《ISBP 645 號》指引 （二零零五年六月十日 星期五）
  • 二十六：談《DOCDEX 裁決書》 （二零零五年六月三日 星期五）
  • 二十五：漫談《銀委會正式意見》 （二零零五年五月二十七日 星期五）
  • 二十四：信用證講師水平缺監管機制 （二零零五年五月二十日 星期五）
  • 二十三：信用證內容應盡量簡化 （二零零五年五月十三日 星期五）
  • 二十二：信用證制度普及有原因 （二零零五年五月六日 星期五）
  • 二十一：信用證「指示證券說」的「死穴」 （二零零五年四月二十九日 星期五）
  • 二十：信用證「獨特制度說」 （二零零五年四月二十二日 星期五）
  • 十九：「一般契約條款」的真義 （二零零五年四月十五日 星期五）
  • 十八：信用證「商貿習慣說」沒「死穴」 （二零零五年四月八日 星期五）
  • 十七：信用證「習慣說」的抗辯依據 （二零零五年四月一日 星期五）
  • 十六：信用證「預先承兌說」的謬誤 （二零零五年三月十八日 星期五）
  • 十五：信用證《第三人利益契約說》 （二零零五年三月十一日 星期五）
  • 十四：信用證《預先承兌說》欠妥善 （二零零五年三月四日 星期五）
  • 十三：信用證「代理說」的缺失 （二零零五年二月二十五日 星期五）
  • 十二：信用證「讓渡說」本末倒置 （二零零五年二月十八日 星期五）
  • 十一：信用證《銀行要約說》的「死穴」 （二零零五年二月四日 星期五）
  • 十：信用證《賣方要約說》牽強 （二零零五年一月二十八日 星期五）
  • 九：信用證《開證銀行要約說》的「死穴」 （二零零五年一月二十一日 星期五）
  • 八：信用證《信用委任說》的漏洞 （二零零五年一月十四日 星期五）
  • 七：信用證《債務約束說》分析 （二零零五年一月七日 星期五）
  • 六：信用證《指示說》淺釋 （二零零四年十二月三十一日 星期五）
  • 五：信用證《債務更替說》 （二零零四年十二月二十四日 星期五）
  • 四：信用證《不容否認說》淺釋 （二零零四年十二月十七日 星期五）
  • 三：信用證《保證說》與《賣方要約說》 （二零零四年十二月十日 星期五）
  • 二：信用證《要約承諾說》淺釋 （二零零四年十二月三日 星期五）
  • 一：信用證可以當作合同嗎？ （二零零四年十一月二十六日 星期五）

• UCP 500修例
  • 十：開證銀行才有償付責任 （二零零三年十月三日 星期五）
  • 九：UCP X00 不包括其他規則 （二零零三年九月二十六日 星期五）
  • 八：UCP X00 應否包括其他規則 （二零零三年九月十九日 星期五）
  • 七：UCP 500 的修例方式 （二零零三年九月十二日 星期五）
  • 六：UCP 500 修例諮詢程序 （二零零三年九月五日 星期五）
  • 五：UCP 500 修例草擬組成員 （二零零三年八月二十九日 星期五）
  • 四：UCP 500 的修例範圍 （二零零三年八月二十二日 星期五）
  • 三：UCP 500 修例大方向 （二零零三年八月十五日 星期五）
  • 二：UCP 500 修例專家諮詢組 （二零零三年八月八日 星期五）
  • 一：銀委會決定修改UCP 500 （二零零三年八月一日 星期五）

  

• 「馬士基海陸」提單《承運條款》
  • 二十：電腦審單的缺點 （二零零四年三月五日 星期五）
  • 十九：提單最好有核准編號 （二零零四年二月二十七日 星期五）
  • 十八：銀委會須提供證據支持其聲明 （二零零四年二月二十日 星期五）
  • 十七：《銀委會聲明》可能部分不符事實 （二零零四年二月十三日 星期五）
  • 十六：銀委會違反議事慣例值得關注 （二零零四年二月六日 星期五）
  • 十五：ICC全盤接受所有提單條款 （二零零四年一月三十日 星期五）
  • 十四：提單《承運條款》問題仍未了 （二零零四年一月十六日 星期五）
  • 十三：提單非承運合同 （二零零四年一月九日 星期五）
  • 十二：承運人對貨物品質的責任 （二零零四年一月二日 星期五）
  • 十一：承運人對貨物體積的責任 （二零零三年十二月十九日 星期五）
  • 十：承運人對貨物重量的責任 （二零零三年十二月十二日 星期五）
  • 九：提單內免責條款的效力 （二零零三年十二月五日 星期五）
  • 八：提單內免責條款的緣起 （二零零三年十一月二十八日 星期五）
  • 七：P&O/Nedlloyd提單特別條款 （二零零三年十一月二十一日 星期五）
  • 六：「馬士基海陸」提單免責條款分析 （二零零三年十一月十四日 星期五）
  • 五：馬士基集團的解釋 （二零零三年十一月七日 星期五）
  • 四：提單基本概念不得違反 （二零零三年十月三十一日 星期五）
  • 三：本港判例達致理事無礙境界 （二零零三年十月二十四日 星期五）
  • 二：憑單取貨的不方便 （二零零三年十月十七日 星期五）
  • 一：馬士基海陸提單條款重要改動 （二零零三年十月十日 星期五）

• 電子信用證
  • 十五：電子訊息的存儲及保密責任 （二千年十二月十五日 星期五）
  • 十四：電子貿易的新興角色 （二千年十二月八日 星期五）
  • 十三：電子貿易的適用法律與產權 （二千年十二月一日 星期五）
  • 十二：網上貿易具多種特色 （二千年十一月二十四日 星期五）
  • 十一：ＵＲＧＥＴＳ簡介 （二千年十一月十七日 星期五）
  • 十：電子訊息的生效時間 （二千年十一月十日 星期五）
  • 九：電子信用證的匯票及償付問題 （二千年十一月三日 星期五）
  • 八：電子信用證的單據表面問題 （二千年十月二十七日 星期五）
  • 七：電子信用證的單據提示問題 （二千年十月二十日 星期五）
  • 六：電子信用證的單據及正本問題 （二千年十月十三日 星期五）
  • 五：電子信用證的生效時間 （二千年十月六日 星期五）
  • 四：電子訊息生效時間的爭拗 （二千年九月二十九日 星期五）
  • 三：電子貿易的簽名問題 （二千年九月二十二日 星期五）
  • 二：電子貿易驗證的安全問題 （二千年九月十五日 星期五）
  • 一：信用證電子化的各種障礙 （二千年九月八日 星期五）

• 其他
  • ＩＣＣ第４７０／９０８號文件內容 （二千年九月一日 星期五）
  • 再談ＩＣＣ認可書籍名單 （二千年八月廿五日 星期五）
  • ＩＣＣ銀委會書籍名單欠周全 （二千年八月十八日 星期五）
  • 論ＩＣＣ銀委會的表決方式 （二千年八月十一日 星期五）
  • ＩＣＣ銀委會四大改革 （二千年八月四日 星期五）
  • 尋求專家報告客戶須注意事項 （二千年七月二十八日 星期五）
  • 消費指數決定法律收費 （二千年七月二十一日 星期五）
  • 專業人士收費方式及計算方法 （二千年七月十四日 星期五）
  • 內地專家須經國際考核 （二千年七月七日 星期五）
  • 中國司法界面臨大突破 （二千年六月三十日 星期五）
  • 應設立各級商務法院 （二千年六月二十三日 星期五）
  • 專家證人須保持中立客觀 （二千年六月九日 星期五）
  • 完善制度考核國際專家證人 （二千年六月二日 星期五）
  • 證人作供不要怕受迫問 （二千年五月二十六日 星期五）
  • 證人須防態度友善的律師 （二千年五月十九日 星期五）
  • 證人須防對方律師挑釁 （二千年五月十二日 星期五）
  • 證人作供注意事項 （二千年五月五日 星期五）
  • 先找專家  後找律師 （二千年四月二十八日 星期五）
  • 專家證人費用不能省卻 （二千年四月十四日 星期五）
  • 勿斤斤計較訴訟費用 （二千年四月七日 星期五）
  • 大律師按時收費的利弊 （二千年三月三十一日 星期五）
  • 訴訟慎防因小失大 （二千年三月二十四日 星期五）
  • 國內合同法律風險 （二千年三月十日 星期五）
  • 國內訴訟不易辦 （二千年三月三日 星期五）
  • 愛國也須分場合 （一九九九年十二月三日 星期五）
  • 國際貿易報價條件最新版本 （一九九五年九月八日 星期五）
  • 新農產品期貨協會保險條款（一九九五年八月十八日 星期五）
  • 經濟不景詐騙盛行觸目驚心 （一九九五年六月十六日 星期五）
  • 國際統一專業水準 （一九九四年五月二十七日 星期五）

---

Articles in Other Media

• INTERNATIONAL TRADE FINANCE - Complicated Rules, Conventions and ICC Official Opinions on International Trade Finance
• A Case Being Published by the Banking Law Journal
• How to Differentiate between Litigation, Arbitration, Adjudication, Mediation, Conciliation & Mini-trial and the Advantages & Disadvantages of Each of These Dispute Resolution Mechanisms?
• What Should be Included in the Arbitration Act 1996 of U.K.?
• Comments on "A Clause in L/C to Release Documents against Waiver"
• Comments on "Manufactured Clauses" in Letter of Credit as Raised by Zahoor Dattu
• The Five Most Troublesome Trends From T. O. Lee
• An Expert's Tips on Complex Claims Against HACTL in Hong Kong
• The Difference Between the ICC DOCDEX and the ICLOCA Dispute Resolution Systems
• Comments on Some UCP 500 Articles
• Troubles over Marine/Ocean Bill of Lading
• Dual Purpose Bill of Lading
• The Re-Positioning of Training and Personnel Services

---

Speeches

• Watch Out for Your Sales and Marketing Team in China Trade
  Toronto Hong Kong Lions Club Meeting on September 19, 1996.

---

Responses to Enquirers' Queries

• Difference Between a Regular and a Conference Line2008/05/11
• Purpose of the Quantity Tolerance Clause2008/05/11
• B/L from a Third Party Consigned to Order of the Negotiating Bank2008/04/05
• Port of Loading2008/04/05
• Negotiation as per UCP2008/04/05
• Accuracy of Model Answers to Two Sample Exercises2008/03/25
• Clarification regarding "Letter Head"
• Advice of Discrepancies by Nominated Bank which is Not a Negotiating Bank
• Questionnaire on UCP 600 Presented to Mr. T. O. Lee for his Expert Advice
• Reimbursement v Payment
• Right of Substitution of Invoices and Bill of Exchange
• Query on Incoterms 2000
• Inspection Certificate and Bill of Lading Dates
• Basic Knowledge for Importers and Exporters
• Combined and Through Bill of Lading
• LC Views Next Step
• Queries on LC and/or DC
• UCP 600 Article 24(b)(iii) and ISBP 681 Paragraph 158
• Whether UCP 600 should Provide Definition of B/L as Some Experts Suggest?
• Bill of Exchange
• A query on UCP 600 Sub-Article 30 (c)
• Response to a Query on UCP 600 Sub-article 19 (a) (iii) (a)
• Response to L/C & B/L Queries - Age of a Vessel
• Comments on Factoring on CIF in HK
• Trade Terms - Thoughts on CFR
• Discussions on Confirming Bank's Liabilities
• Standby L/C
• Law, Reasons & Mercifulness
• Understanding Proposed New Articles in UCP 600
• Discrepancies in B/L
• Acutance vs. Acuity
• Queries on Drafting of UCP 600 and ICC Documents 470/###
• Evergreen Approval
• Acceptance of Amendment
• Translation Questions Showing Why Translation is so Difficult to Handle?
• Banco Satander vs Banque Paribas
• Multimodal Transport Query
• PORT OF LOADING as ANY PORT
• Due Date Calculations - 60 Days After Sight
• L/C Query - Interpretation
• Training Frustration
• Topics for Import/Export Managers Working in Trading Companies
• Immunization of LC
• Why China is Good in L/C Knowledge?
• Incoterms
• Comments on an Insurance Document
• Queries about Acceptance of Amendment and Signing of an Insurance Policy
• Purpose of Negotiation
• Assignee vs. Proxy
• Enquiry on DDP (Bilingual in English & Chinese)
• LC Rules
• What an LC Expert Must Have?
• Issues on Transferable Credit, Multimodal Transport, Expiry Place and Instalment Shipments
• Authentication and Dates
• Some Inconsistent or Unreasonable ICC Opinions
• Function of a Bill of Lading
• Commission In Lieu of Exchange
• Meaning of Colorable Basis (Colorable Right)
• Do Not Treat an Insurance Policy as a Bill of Lading
• Negotiation is Different in the East and the West
• Authentication for Correction
• Two Notices Are Not the Same
• Original Insurance Policy Blank Endorsed
• Do Not Try to Legalise DC or BL
• "Full Set" Insurance Policy
• Is a Bill of Lading a Negotiable Instrument?
• Availability of ICC Document 470/1019
• "Negotiation", "Honour" and "Discount"
• Negotiation is Difficult to Define
• Who is the Real Owner of this Cargo?
• Effectiveness of an Amendment Article 9d(iii)

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Subscriber's Opinions

• Comments on Jia Hao's Comments on ICC Document 470/1097
• Red Clause L/C - Bravo to Jee Meng's Contributions
• Further Thoughts on Sub-Article 30 (c) in UCP 600
• Comments on ICC Docu 470/TA.601, 608 & 610
• Why Not Removing the Requirement for "Full Set Sea Waybills"
• T.O.'s Heartiest Congratulations on Jia Hao's Excellent Comments on the Latest Discussion Paper of UCP Revision
• Revised Insurance Article
• Bill of Lading
• Duration/Transit Clause
• T.O. Lee Responds to JH's Suggestions on Part Shipment
• Reasons for Proposing Part Shipment Concept in UCP 600
• S.H.'s Comments on What an LC Expert Must Have?
• Comments on Jia Hao's Opinions on the Draft 1 of UCP Art 20 to 29
• Comments on Jia Hao's Opinions on the Draft 3 of UCP Art 1 to 19
• Comments on Further Thoughts on Confirming Bank Undertaking
• Comments on Opinion on Draft 3 of Article 6 - Confirming Bank Undertaking
• The agenda No. 8 'Terms & Conditions on bills of lading'

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Dispute Cases Resolved

• List of Dispute Cases Resolved
  • Letter of Credit Dispute Cases (1996 - 2003)

• Our Expert Services
  • Terms of Engagement
  • Our Scope of Services
  • General Procedure for An Enquiry of Our Expert Services
  • Letter of Appointment Specimen
  • Two Categories of Enquiries from our Members

  

• Letters of Credit
  • 正確讓度手續，再貼現及詐騙
  • Late Presentation, Discrepancies, Authority to Negotiate a Straight DC
  • Discrepancies, Frauds, Antedated Bill of Lading under DOCDEX Resolution
  • A Branch of Bank as the Drawee in Drafts
  • A Document Checker in A Bank Has No Need to Find Out the Facts
  • Information from A Document Not Stipulated in the Letter of Credit
  • The Title of A Document v. Its Contents
  • Groundnuts v. Peanuts
  • Incomplete and Unclear Conditions in the Letter of Credit
  • Disputes over the Role of A Freight Forwarder Named in the Letter of Credit
  • Data Content and Name of Issuer of A Certificate of Inspection

• Bills of Lading
  • On Deck Shipment Not Allowed

• Documentary Collections
  • The Authority of the Case-of-Need
  • A Buyer Took the Goods Without Payment in D/P Collection.
    Who Should Be Responsible?

• Trade Frauds
  • Creative Use of Letter of Credit

• Company Doctor
  • Overhauling the Procedure & Documentation in China Trade
  • Letter of Credit Consultancy Services to A Public Listed Conglomerate In Hong Kong

  

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Advertisements Published

• IIBLP Annual Survey of Letter of Credit Law and Practice

  • Version 1
    • One Stop Services on Letters of Credit

  • Version 2
    • Half Page DCW Ad Content

  • Version 3
    • Flier contents June 2003

  

• L/C Monitor

  • Version 1
    • One Stop Services on Letters of Credit

  • Version 2
    • Half Page DCW Ad Content

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Feedbacks from Clients and Subscribers

• Thanks for Your Kind Words
• Comments from an International Division Officer of a Bank
• Recommendation Letter from Manpad Exports
• Canada's Know-All LC Expert - World's Best One-Stop Solution
• Thanks for Your Support
• Comments on the Life Cycle of a Photographer - Part 1/2
• Thanks T.O. for Responding to an LC Query on Interpretation
• Comments on T.O.'s Workshops from Clients
• A Token of Appreciation & Thanks
• Great Asset of Trade Industry
• Thanks for T.O.'s Valuable Contribution for LC VIEWS
• Thanks for Details in China Trade
• Thanks for the Teacher's Response on DDP
• Thanks for the Discussions on LC Rules
• Top Five LC specialists - URGENT ATTENTION, PLEASE
• Compliment on T.O.'s Comments on Jia Hao's Opinion on Draft 3 of Articles 1-19
• Compliment on T.O.'s Comments on Jia Hao's Article

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Previous Workshops

• International Standard Banking Practice (ISBP 681 / 645)
  • Applying Updated ISBP 681 to Interpret UCP 600 New Articles
  • Understanding Functions of Documents Clearly To Determine Discrepancies Confidently and Accurately
  • How to Reduce Discrepancies by Knowing ICC ISBP 645 (LC New Interpretations) in Depth?

• UCP 600
  • Important Changes and Impacts of UCP 600
  • Understanding Proposed New Articles in UCP 600

• UCP 500
  • Risk Management in International Trade Finance
  • How to Detect Footprints in Fraudulent Letter of Credit Documents
  • Avoid Letter of Credit Discrepancies By Understanding UCP 500
  • Bombshell Cases in Letter of Credit Operations
    近年具爆炸性及爭議性的信用證名案分拆
  • Understanding L/C Discrepancies in Depth and Effective Means to Avoid Them?
    深入探討信用證不符點及如何避免？
  • Tricks and Traps in L/C Operations Leading to Payment Dishonour (1 day)
    慎防信用證運作上的詭計及陷阱導致拒付
  • Risk Management For Sales And Marketing Team
    營業代表及市務人員所欠缺的風險管理技巧
  • Tricks & Traps in LC Operations (2 days)
  • Advanced L/C Case Studies
  • Risk Free Procedures & Documentation in Letter of Credit and Documentary Collections for Importers and Exporters
  • Case Studies on International Trade Finance

  

• e-UCP
  • In-depth Understanding and Accurate Interpretation of eUCP Articles

• ISP98
  • Risk Management in International Trade Finance
  • International Trade Seminars on ISP98 and URR 525
  • International Standby Practices ISP98

• URC 522
  • Case Studies on International Trade Finance
  • Risk Free Procedures & Documentation in Letter of Credit and Documentary Collections for Importers and Exporters

• URR 525
  • Risk Management in International Trade Finance
  • How to Avoid Risk in Reimbursements under URR 525
  • International Trade Seminars on ISP98 and URR 525
  • Case Studies on International Trade Finance

• Incoterms 2000
  • Introduction to Incoterms 2000 Effective 1st January 2000
    今年初已生效的國際貿易術語通則第２０００號簡介
  • How to Protect your Title Rights to Goods whilst Complying with Incoterms 2000

  

• Bills of Lading
  • Understanding Functions of Documents Clearly To Determine Discrepancies Confidently and Accurately
  • Resolving Bills of Lading Problems for Maritime Carriers
  • Maritime Transport Documents - Discrepancies and Disputes (ICC Workshop)
  • What Bankers Should Know About Charter Party Bills of Lading?
  • What Bankers Should Know About Marine Bills of Lading?
    信用證之海運提單，銀行知多少？
  • What Traders Should Know About Maritime Transport Documents
  • International Trade Seminars on Bill of Lading, Multimodal Transport, Maritime Chartering, and Cargo Insurance

• Cargo Claims
  • Better Know Your Cargo Insurance Policy Before Your Claims Are Denied?
    如何避免海空貨運保險的漏洞？
  • International Trade Seminars on Bill of Lading, Multimodal Transport, Maritime Chartering, and Cargo Insurance
  • How to Protect your Title Rights to Goods whilst Complying with Incoterms 2000

• Trade Finance Risk Management
  • Risk Management in International Trade Finance
  • L/C Frauds Management Under Different Legislations
  • Risk Management on Transferable and Back-to-Back L/C
  • Trade Finance Risk Management (1.5-day)
  • Trade Finance Risk Management (3-day)

• Trade Frauds
  • How to Detect Footprints in Fraudulent Letter of Credit Documents (1.5 days)
  • Risk Management in International Trade Finance
  • How to Detect Footprints in Fraudulent L/C Documents for Bankers?
    銀行如何及早察覺信用證提示單據有詐騙跡像？
  • L/C Frauds Management Under Different Legislations
  • How to Detect Fraudulent L/C Documents for Bankers (1 day)
  • Prevention of International Trade Frauds
  • International Trade Frauds of Today

  

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Typical Examples of Current Trade Frauds

• Money Transfer

  Below is a list of links leading to various versions of scam. They all claim that due to the deceased, unclaimed lottery or the like, a substantial amount is to be deposited to a scam recipient. If (s)he were to provide requested information as stated in the scam, a cheque for a MUCH LARGER AMOUNT than the originally stated one would be delivered to him/her. He/She would be asked to reimburse the difference back to the scammer. Since the cheque from the scammer is INVALID, the scam recipient would eventually suffer the loss caused by reimbursing the difference.

  The purpose of this section is to provide examples of scam (trade frauds) for visitors of this website to prevent the traps from such scammers.

  • Due to the Deceased
    • Fund Release Order
    • Write Back
    • Investment prospect to you
    • UNCLAIMED LOTTERY PRIZE
    • HUMBLE BUSINESS ASSISTANCE
    • FROM THE DESK OF: M. B. ALI
    • This Is Important
    • PLEASE ENDEAVOUR
    • Claim of next of kin
    • PLEASE ASSIST ME IN THIS PROJECT
    • Please help me
    • Thanks for your concern
    • FROM STEVE
    • BUSINESS PROPOSAL
    • A PRIVATE MAIL FROM JOSEPH C***
    • BUSINESS PARTNERSHIP SOLICITED
    • EMAIL FROM STEVENS.B
    • assist me if you can
    • From Victoria
    • BUSINESS ASSISTANCE
    • PLEASE HELP ME OUT!!! (A PLEA FROM MRS. M*** G***)
    • FROM VICTOR K***
    • TRANSFER OF ($ 126,000,000.00 USD)
    • CONFIDENTIAL - TRANSFER OF ($26,000.000.00 USD) TWENTY SIX MILLION DOLLARS
    • REQUEST FOR URGENT BUSINESS ASSISTANCE

     

  • To Achieve Specific Goals
    • Building a Tourist Hotel or Real Estate
    • Business Partnership Solicitation
    • Require SLC
    • Partnership
    • KINGDOM INVESTMENT
    • Hello!
    • God Will
    • Business proposal
    • FROM THE DESK OF Mr.Richard A*** - Lagos Nigeria
    • READ AND RESPOND
    • REQUEST FOR CONFIDENTIAL BUSINESS RELATIONSHIP
    • Reply
    • URGENT PARTNERSHIP
    • ^Greg
    • Request for Partnership
    • Please Reply-Urgent-Anita G***
    • URGENT AND CONFIDENTIAL
    • FOR YOUR ATTENTION
    • Private Deal
    • Important Assistance
    • Response Needed
    • A VERY REPUTABLE OFFER
    • Private and Urgent Business Proposal

  • To Earn Quick Income
    • Need money? Bad credit?
    • THANK'S TO THE COMPUTER AGE AND THE INTERNET

  • From Lottery
    • CONFIRMATION!!!!! You advise to call the Telephone number below to claim your (US$2,220,000.00)!!!
    • UNCLAIMED LOTTERY PRIZE
    • REPLY SOON
    • Winning Notification (UK Version)
    • AWARD NOTIFICATION (Netherlands/Euro Version)
    • Award Notification
    • WINNING NOTIFICATION

     

• Scams

  • Bank and Credit Card
    • Bank V official updates
    • Request to lease a BG
    • Online banking issue
    • Slightly Seasoned Bank Guarantee
    • Letter of Intent / RWA for Buy Bank Guarantee
    • Be alert!! CREDIT CARD SCAM !!!
    • Important Fraud Alert from Z Bank
    • Confirm your credit card account
    • ATM Fraud

  • Telephone and Internet
    • Fraud prevention team@elake.com
    • FRAUD ALERT to all zzDNS users
    • Your account at eTank.com is blocked
    • Your account on eRiver
    • 809 Area Code

• Fraudulent Business or Credit Enhancement Opportunities
  • Credit Enhancement
  • Letter of credit required
  • PARTNERSHIP

• Illegal Secrets

• Quick (but Fake) University Degree
  • LOW SALARY IS TOUGH FOR EVERYTHING
  • Degree? Promotion? Dream Job?
  • Experts - Bachelor's Diploma, Master's, or PhD - No Classes Necessary
  • How can this be?!!
  • U N I V E R S I T Y   D I P L O M A S No one is turned down

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Samples of Our Training Materials in "T.O. International Trade Seminars"

• Difference between Through Transport B/L and
  Multimodal Transport B/L
• Essential Elements of Multimodal Transport
• Correct Signatory in Bill of Lading
• Understanding Shipping Terms
• Avalisation
• Survey on Training Need Analysis
• Training Proposal
• The Issuing Dates of Stipulated Documents in Documentary Credit Operation
• The Characteristics of Maritime Charter Operations